Pursuit of Beauty

"The mass media may not be successful in telling us what to think, but it is stunningly successful in tellng us what to think about."

Nine years into the 21st century, and more people are running to slimming sanctuaries and hospitals, asking beauticians and doctors for help in their quests of beauty, hoping to see major changes in their physical appearances within a short period of time. Statistics have also shown an increase in the number of cases of anorexia and bulimia.

Of course, it wasn't at all like this once upon a time.

As noted by humorist Dave Barry in his article Build Yourself a Killer Bod with Killer Bees, "In those days, a man could be portly and still be considered attractive. The standards were also more lenient for women: Marilyn Monroe, whom nobody ever called skinny, was a major sex goddess.

"By today's beauty standards,of course, Marilyn Monroe was an oil tanker. Today's beauty ideal, strictly enforced by the media, is a person with the same level of body fat as a paper clip. Turn on your TV, and all you see are men and women who would rather have both eyeballs removed via corkscrew than eat a slice of pizza. These are genetic mutants: You see their muscles, veins and neck bones almost bursting through their fat-free skin. I don't know who decided that the see-through look was attractive; I, personally, have never heard anybody express lust for anybody else's internal organs. But we normal humans are constantly exposed to the zero-fat mutants in the media, and we naturally assume that we're supposed to look like them. This is of course impoosible, but we try. We diet constantly, especially young women, many of whom now start dieting while still in the womb."

Indeed, the influence of the media is overwhelmingly far-reaching and dangerous.

We flip through the papers and magazines and there are various advertisements on slimming sanctuaries, slimming tea and surgeries like Botox, all promising "monster figures and angelic faces". We turn on the telly and at least once every 15 minutes there would be commercials with fat-free ambassadors of slimming sanctuaries telling the world in major shout-outs how much weight those centres helped them to lose in how many days.

Yes, the constant bombardment of such advertisments has cultivated a certain mindset in many of us today - that being fat-free is the new beautiful. In a sense, the cultivation theory applies to some extent here. The advertisments have indeed created synthethic reality (a way of looking at the world) that eventually becomes the commonly held value. Almost everyone now thinks that it is essential to be stick-thin in order to come under the "beautiful" category. I will not try to deny that I am one of these people. You hear some people exclaim at how fat they are when they are but barely bones. The wondrous effect of mass media indeed.

However, not all behave this way. There are some who still find comfort in being in their own skin, who do not care two hoots about the advertisements. Hence, the mass media today can be said to follow the moderate effects theory. Even though the ability of the media to influence its audiences remains, there's media selectivity - the audiences are free to make their own decisions.

Yet in the extreme cases of those who do feel the need to fit in via physical appearance, some turn to unhealthy ways of slimming down, such as depending on slimming pills, going on diets, visiting sliming sanctuaries and going for surgeries. These methods though may show more apparent and instant results, tend to cause undesirable side effects, and thus prove to be ineffective in the long run. While instant results boost the self-confidence of many as they get their desired figures and features, the methods are not guaranteed to be safe. Slimming pills may cause liver inflammation, which in the severe case of Andrea De Cruz needed liver transplant. Diets can result in malnutrition and anemia, an illness whereby one faints easily due to low sugar content in the blood. In addition, every operation entails a certain risk. In this case, plastic surgery is not an exception. Complications may occur during the operation, causing one to be disfigured.

Furthermore, there are negative effects on the mental health of pursuers of beauty. Anorexic and bulimic patients constantly have the mindset that they are very obese no matter how stick-thin they are. They go to the extent of forcing their fingers down their throats in an attempt to throw up whatever food that went down their gullet. Also, they go on numerous diets. These cases if severe require hospitalisation. These patients appear wan and skinny, and very lethargic. Instead of gaining beauty in their quests, what they gain is an older and uglier reflection of what they really are.

All in all, the pursuit of beauty seems to bring more pain than joy. I think we all have to understand that external beauty, although much desired, loses itself in the race with time. It is only the inner beauty that can really withstand the challenge of time.

Taboo

Because it's another culture.


Last night National Geographic, Taboo, featured the different types of food eaten by the various cultural groups around the world. The French eat horse meat, a particular tribe in Venezuela, spiders. One group takes drinks together with the snake's heart, still thumping, while another eats partially formed ducks. My cousins and I grimaced as we watched in horror how they prepared and tasted their food as if they were so very moreish.

Or maybe to them, they really are.

But you are instantly filled with disgust and you shudder as you watch them put the food into their mouths. You wonder how they even manage to do that.

And you never stopped to think that some other cultural group out there may find the Asians' diet revolting too.

Then you come to realise that cultures, the templates for living, are such interesting things which differ from group to group. They tell us who we are, what groups we belong to, and how we live our lives.

In essence, cultures distinguish the members of one group from another. They are learnt, shared, mutlifaceted, dynamic and overlapping.

There on Taboo, a baby in his mother's arm was biting into a spider. He ate it as normally as how an Asian baby would chew on a piece of roast chicken, say. At times, the group would get together to cook the spiders and then eat collectively - acting to group norms, sharing their same culture. However, since cultures are dynamic, the people may no longer be eating spiders ten years down the road.

Of course, with cultures come the barriers to intercultural communication. People stereotype and start to become prejudiced. We generalise the beliefs by which we make sense of the world around us, regardless of context and accuracy and there can be negative social attitudes held towards another group. There is also the assumption of similarity, anxiety and withdrawal, as well as ethnocentrism, the belief that one's culture is superior to all others and the tendency to judge others by one's own criteria.

My take is that while it is good to have cultural groups, it is important that they accept the others for what they are and not stereotype or judge.

One of the most Popular

Only because of group commnunication and great teamwork

"Manchester United went to the top of the English Premier League as Chelsea lost 3-1 at Wigan to see their perfect start to the season ruined. A seventh straight victory for the champions, 2-0 at Stoke, saw them move ahead of Chelsea on goal difference with both having 18 points after seven matches."

The above is an excerpt from Man Utd go top as Chelsea stumble at Wigan dated 26 September 2009.

One of the most popular football clubs in the world, Manchester United are the reigning English champions and Club World Cup holders, having won the 2008–09 Premier League and the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup. It is one of the most successful in the history of English football and has won 22 major honours November 1986.

However, it wasn't all smooth sailing for this team.

Manchester United were formed as Newton Heath L&YR F.C. in 1878. Yet in 1902, the club neared bankruptcy, with debts of over £2,500. At one point, their Bank Street ground was closed by the bailiffs. Just before having to be shut down for good, the club received a sizeable investment from J. H. Davies, the managing director of Manchester Breweries. They decided on new name Manchester United to reflect their fresh start.

The new club secretary brought in some new faces into the club. Charlie Roberts, a new half-back helped Manchester United to a third place finish in the 1903–04 season, just a point short of the second promotion place. It was not long, however, before the club was at last promoted to the First Division for the first time under their new name, finishing in second place in the 1905–06 Second Division.

For the next ten years after 1912, the club went into a state of gradual decline before being relegated back down to Division Two. "They were promoted again in 1925, but struggled to get into the top half of the table, and were relegated again in 1931. In the eight years leading up to the Second World War, the club became somewhat of a yo-yo club, reaching their all-time lowest position of 20th in Division Two in 1934. They were promoted and relegated once again before being promoted in the penultimate season before the Second World War. They guaranteed their place in the top flight for after the war by finishing in 14th in the 1938–39 season."

More information can be found at Manchester United F.C.

And this leads us to the topic of group communication.

A group, as noted by Trenholm, is a collection of individuals who, as a result of interacting with one another over time, become interdependent, developing shared patterns of behaviour and a collective identity. Sometimes it is important to communicate in groups due to the group synergy whereby everyone can leverage on everybody else's strengths, which can be seen in the various positions in a football team such as the goalkeeper and the midfielder.

Between 1945 and 1986, there was much struggle within the team. I think this can be explained by the lack of mutual understanding and chemistry as the members were new to each other. The 1994-1995 first trophyless season since 1988-1989 saw Sir Alex Ferguson doing some major restructuring by replacing some players with those from the club's youth team. Since the start of the English Premier League in 1992, Manchester United have won 11 titles out of 18. This clearly shows the importance of group communication and teamwork, and also the major strengths of the individual players. It also goes to show that full membership comes with time for new players need time to build up the rapport within the team. They also have to recognise the written and unwritten norms that govern each level of membership. Because it is only when members have group rapport and are of one mind that the group can achieve its aims.

Then we come to the topic of group socialisation in which the individuals and group seek to influence each other to best meet their needs. Individuals will continuously measure the rewards gained from their group, a process called evaluation which determines their allegiance to the group.

An example would be Christiano Ronaldo who was sold to Real Madrid about two to three months ago. Before he joined Manchester United in 2003, he was a prospective member. When the club approached him and he joined it, he became a new member whereby he had to acquire idiosyncrasy by credit by conforming. He had to play with the reserves for a short period of time before being promoted to the first team which goes on the telly. This was when he became a full member, tasked with responsibilites of doing his part well. About two to three months ago, Christiano Ronaldo became an ex-member when he went over to Real Marid, reason being that he had wanted new challenges, as he won whatever trophies that were available in England. One other reason, I feel, is that he could have been attracted by the huge price tag that was given to him - 80 million pounds. I think Ronaldo's behaviour effectively portrays how individuals continuously measure the rewards gained from the group.

To me, there should be a balance between group work and individual for sometimes it's nice to be able to make your own decisions instead of having to make decisions basing on the general consensus. Also, there may be difference in opinions whereby group members will then have to compromise. Hence, once in a while, amidst some group work, there should be some work that should be done alone too.

Penguins, not.

Because we are but only humans.

He stomped out of the room after bashing one of her friends up. She followed suit and called after him at the corridor. He stopped, turned back. With tears welling up in his eyes, the initially ferocious man said ever so softly, "I want my wife".

She replied, "I am your wife".

He retorted, "No you're not. She's inside the room".

The human was talking to the surrogate of his wife. He hasn't been seeing the human form of her ever since the death of their son.

He is experiencing the stagnation stage whereby he is just going through the motions of the relationship. There is no joy and excitement, no nothing. He goes through routine "scripts" and persists to avoid the pain of termination.

She, on the other hand, is undergoing the avoiding phase in which she withdraws physically and emotionally from her husband. She stays in her room day in day out, living her life through her surrogate self. She avoids her husband and makes almost no effort to keep up appearances.

Towards the end of the film, she goes out of her room after cooping herself up from only too long, and goes into her late son's. The husband was anxious to find her room empty. As if sensing where she might be, he walked to their late son's room. He pushed the ajar door and found his dearest wife with her back facing him . There, they hugged each other ever so tightly you wonder if that whole stagnation and avoiding phase ever took place at all.

That, was from Surrogate.

You find it amazing that the progression and development of relationships can be so easily broken down into a series of ten stages in two phases - the coming together and coming apart.

First, you initiate meetings. You screen and filter each other, all the while being ever so cautious of your own presentation. Next you experiment. You gain as much information about each other as possible through small talks, feeding your own cultural, social and psychological facts. Then the relationship intensifies. Increased commitment, awareness and participation start to sit in. You disclose your feelings to each other. There is now physical contact. The relational identity comes into the picture. As the relationship integrates, you couple into a relational unit which encompasses both of your social networks. You start addressing yourselves as one - "we", "us", "our". Finally you formalise the obligation and commitment by going through significant rituals such as engagement and marriage.

But more often than not, things are not always so smooth-sailing.

This is when the "coming apart" phase comes into the picture.

The first signs of the relationship breaking apart is when you start to distance yourself. You differentiate between the both of you who used to be one. You reaffirm your individuality, you fight for your own personal space. Then comes the circumscribing stage in which you only tip-toe around the relationship, never really getting into it. The relational interest and commitment shrink. You excuse yourself from too personal stuff, restricting communication to safe areas. Subsequently the relationship stagnates. You go through the mechanics of being a couple with the absence of joy and excitement. You no longer look forward to meeting each other, to doing things together. You tolerate routine scripts just to avoid the pain of termination. Eventually you start avoiding each other. You do not even make the effort to keep up appearances. You just don't want anything to do with each other. There is limited connection; you withdraw physically and emotionally. Channels of communication are sealed - you do not even want to talk. Ultimately, you terminate the relationship. It ceases to exist and, to put it very ideally, parties move on.

Going through the stages now you find it amusing how when a couple is together they stick to each other like chewing gum, having to call each other almost every other day and be all so lovey-dovey, yet when they break up it's so difficult to even remain friends.

And you ask youself, why can't we be like penguins which are faithful lovers?